| Adjuvant | Formulation | Model | Disease Model | Immune Response Activated | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phospholipid-conjugated TLR7 agonist | Admixed with small molecule TLR4 adjuvant | Mice | Influenza | Combined TLR4 and TLR7 adjuvant vaccination induces Th1- and Th2-type immune responses for long-lived cellular and neutralizing humoral immunity against the viral HA | (75) |
| 3M-052 | Liposomal and emulsion formulations with GLA | Mice | Enteric protozoan pathogen | Enhancement of intestinal IgA, plasma IgG2a/IgG1, IFN-γ, and IL-17A responses, which inhibited parasites adherence to host cells | (76) |
| R848 | Admixture and Mincle C-type lectin receptor (CLR) agonist | Human naive T cell stimulation ex vivo | N/A | Dual TLR7/8 and macrophage-inducible CLR activation of human newborn DCs synergistically drove Th1 polarization ex vivo | (77) |
| TLR7 agonist GS-9620 (vesatolimod) | Heterologous prime boost vaccination/immunomodulator therapy | NHP | HIV | Oral administration of TLR7 agonist in combination with Ad26/MVA prime-boost vaccination decreased levels of viral DNA in LNs and peripheral blood, improving virologic control rebound | (78) |
N/A, not applicable.