Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1.
The neonatal response to bacterial sepsis differs compared with the adult response when looking at clinical data from LOS, in vitro data from human cells, and in vivo animal models.
Observations suggest cytokine differences may contribute to immune dysfunction and sepsis outcomes. The figure was created with BioRender.
Tables
Neonatal EOS Neonatal LOS Adult Route Maternal pathogen transmission
In utero
During birthContamination of skin-resident bacteria during clinical procedures Surgical complications Enteric pathogens translocating the intestinal lumen Translocating pathogens from tissue infections (e.g., appendicitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections) Common causative pathogens GBS Skin-resident bacteria (such as S. epidermis) Similar rates of Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria E. coli Gut-resident bacteria (such as E.coli) Gram-negative species: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa Gram-positive species: S. aureus and S. epidermidis Incidence 0.26 cases per 1000 live births in 2010 (21) 0.31 per 1000 live births (22) 1.2% of patients develop sepsis after elective surgery (10) Maternal GBS screening initiatives contribute to a decreased incidence from 1.8 cases per 1000 live births in the early 1990s (20) 2% of patients develop sepsis following trauma-associated surgical cases (11) Risk factors Low birth weight Low birth weight 5–66% of ventilated patients develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (15) Surgery necessitated by trauma among orthopedic patients Failure to screen for maternal GBS colonization Prolonged use of antibiotics Prolonged need for mechanical ventilation, i.v., or catheter increases risk of infection in associated tissues Failure to administer intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis
In this issue
Sepsis, Cytokine Storms, and Immunopathology: The Divide between Neonates and Adults
